The economic and financial crisis in Europe: addressing the causes and the repercussions

The article analyses the situation facing the European economy and traces both the more fundamental and the proximate causes of the worsening crisis. It argues that European policymakers have the tools at their disposal to limit the extent and duration of the recession and proposes a package consisting of five elements: expansionary monetary policy; a coordinated fiscal stimulus; anti-deflationary wage policies; continued efforts to stabilise the financial sector; and ad hoc national measures to break negative feedback loops. Proposals are also developed for more medium-term measures to prevent crises in the future and improve Europe's ability to effectively manage its economy. The article concludes that, given the major question marks as to whether, with the current institutional structures, Europe actually will manage to put in place the required coordinated response, a 1929-scenario, while far from inevitable, remains a possibility.economic crisis; European policy-making; coordinated fiscal stimulus

A descriptive process analysis and comparison of game modifications in junior netball and basketball

The amount of time participants spend successfully engaged with skill content has been found to have a high correlation with skill learning and achievement. For children to learn motor skills it is clear that they must be provided with sufficient opportunities to exhibit skill responses, during practice and game sessions. For this to occur, activities must be designed to cater for the developmental requirements of the children, whilst maintaining high levels of active involvement for all participants. In response to these needs, basketball and netball associations have employed modifications to game structures. This study provides a descriptive analysis of junior basketball and netball settings, with a specific focus on the rates of successful motor skill engagement achieved by participants of different skill abilities, in coach directed practice sessions and game play situations. The behaviours of high and low skilled basketball and netball participants playing in modified (under 10 age) and full game designs (under 12 age), were observed and recorded, for the purpose of comparison, during four practice and four game sessions using two systematic observation instruments: (a) Revised Academic Learning Time - Physical Education/ Sport, (ALT -PE/SPORT), which measures time spent by participants in process behaviours (b) Revised Systematic Observation of Student Opportunities to Respond (SOSOR), which measures the rates of specific skill occurrence by an individual in a sport session. A high degree of success in skill performance during game and practice sessions for high and low skilled players in under 10 and 12 basketball and netball was found, indicating that the equipment and rules used in both sports suits the physical requirements of the participants, and that modifying equipment for the under 10 participants has been warranted. Despite this, greater attention must be paid to adapting rules in junior basketball and netball to promote greater equity in participation for participants of differing skill levels and in developing coach expertise in providing high levels of successful skill response opportunities during practice sessions

Survey of the diets of 50 Edinburgh families

There is no subject in modern life, apart perhaps from the daily discussion of the vissicitudes of war, which has evoked so much study within recent times than that of the diets of everyday life. I can safely state that man's interest in food has turned from the purely primittve instinct of satisfaction in eating and necessary bodily requirements to the present study rby analysis of food for the rightful satisfaction of eating with a view to enjoying goof health and with necessary economy. The present day study is borne out in the publication of at least 5,000 scientific papers yearly dealing with some aspect of food requirements, whether as vitamin or mineral requirement, or with a definite bearing on the influence of food on health. Further evidence of the national consciousness in this country in the problem of nutrition, especially as regards the care and healthy development of the body both in its relationship to the individual and indirectly to the nation, was indicated when the Prime Minister in the latter part of 1936 appointed a Committee of the Economic Advisory Council to promote the application in our Colonial Empire of modern knowledge in regard to nutrition. Although a great deal of information is available in various forms and in various publications regarding the amount of foodstuffs produced in and imported into this country, relatively less has been written concerning the amounts of the actual foodstuffs consumed. Z feel there is still insufficient evidence available to help us over one of the biggest problems - that of balancing the consumption of the foods imported with the everyday demand of the housewife. This gap is being gradually diminished but it will take years of patient propaganda in the education of the individual to the realisation of what constitutes a good healthy diet within his or her means and the present diets of today which are directly or indirectly the cause of the greatest proportion of the present ill-health of the human race. The problem is really a question of deciding what a good health- giving diet is and how it differs from present day diets, considering always the factor of family income and expenditure. At present most medical men are agreed, as far as our present day knowledge goes, on what a good health- giving diet consists of, but we are on less secure grounds when we consider the diet of the individual as it is just now. A number of publications have been brought out from time to time and at the present time we await with interest the results of the government's investigation into the diet of 25,000 families at present being analysed, but not yet published. (Ministry of Labour, London, S.W,1. Forms CLI, CLI(Ag.) and CL4.) With a view to studying the present day diets of a section of the population of Edinburgh I have brought together in the papers which follow my dietetic survey of a group of 50 families who are under my care in an Edinburgh general practice. The results I believe will be of interest both as an analysis of the diets of these 50 families as purchased and as eaten. I have also outlined the diets of some families giving the health of these families

Newer renal efficiency tests and their value in diagnosis and prognosis

It is probable that, at the present day, the function of no organ in the body is being investigated by so many methods . in the course of hospital treatment, as that of the kidney. The large number of methods used is the result of the fact that there is no general consensus of opinion as to any one method being definitely better than the others. A great deal of work has been done, comparing the relative values of these tests, the one with the other, in different types of nephritis, and in different stages of the disease. Much investigation has also been carried out to demonstrate how the results of these biochem- ical tests compare with the clinical findings, such as the presence, and severity of ha m at ura, albumin - uria, anaemia and elevation of blood pressure. One feels that in the multiplication of the kidney function tests, we are getting further and further away from the patient, and our attention is being diverted too much from the ward towards the laboratory. In the following pages, it is our inten- tion to pick out the salient points from the vast amount of recent investigation into kidney function, and in the light of these findings, to discuss the various kidney function tests in daily use, and their relative merits. Thereafter we intend to present the records of an investigation carried out by ourselves. The object of the investigation has been to correlate more closely the results of the kidney function tests to other clinical findings recorded simultaneously. The clinical tests used deal chiefly with changes in the condition of the cardio- vascular system, as indicated by the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the pulse pressure, and the pulse rate. The justification for such an investigation will be discussed later. It is hoped that by this co- relating the clinical findings to the kidney function, one might be able, by the clinical findings alone, to assess the kidney function. In this way much time- consuming and expensive laboratory investigation might be eliminated, without loss of efficiency, or insight into the true condition of the patient, and the course of his disease

Less government intervention in biodiversity management: risks and opportunities

n a changing global environment, with increasing pressure on ecosystem goods and services, biodiversity conservation is likely to become increasingly important. However, with the current global financial crisis, governments are increasingly trying to stabilise economies through spending cuts aiming to reduce national deficits. Within such an economic climate, the devolution of governance through public participation is an intrinsically appealing concept. We outline a number of challenges that explain why increased participation in biodiversity management has been and may continue to be problematic. Using as a case study the local stakeholder-driven Moray Firth Seal Management Plan in Scotland, we identify four key conditions that were crucial to the successful participatory management of a biodiversity conflict: a local champion, the emergence of a crisis point, the involvement of decision-makers, and long-term financial and institutional support. Three of the four conditions point to the role of direct government involvement, highlighting the risk of devolving responsibility for biodiversity conflict management to local communities. We argue that without an informed debate, the move towards a more participatory approach could pose a danger to hard-won policy gains in relation to public participation, biodiversity conservation and conflict management

The Great Reset

This timely and insightful collection of essays written by economists from a range of academic and policy institutes explores the subject of public investment through two avenues. The first examines public investment trends and needs in Europe, addressing the initiatives taken by European governments to tackle the COVID-19 recession and to rebuild their economies. The second identifies key domains where European public investment is needed to build a more sustainable Europe, from climate change to human capital formation. Building on the 2020 edition, The Great Reset demonstrates the value of public capital both within European countries and as a European public good, shedding light on the impact that the NextGenerationEU’s Recovery and Resilience Facility will likely have on the macroeconomic structure of the European economy. The first part of the Outlook assesses the state of public investment in Europe at large, as well as focusing on five countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain) as case studies. The second part focuses on the challenges posed by the pandemic and the pillars of the NextGenerationEU investment plan, with chapters ranging from education and digitalization, to territorial cohesion and green transition. This book is a must-read for economists, policymakers, and scholars interested in the impact and recovery of European countries during a time of extensive uncertainty

The economic and financial crisis in Europe: addressing the causes and the repercussions

The article analyses the situation facing the European economy and traces both the more fundamental and the proximate causes of the worsening crisis. It argues that European policymakers have the tools at their disposal to limit the extent and duration of the recession and proposes a package consisting of five elements: expansionary monetary policy; a coordinated fiscal stimulus; anti-deflationary wage policies; continued efforts to stabilise the financial sector; and ad hoc national measures to break negative feedback loops. Proposals are also developed for more medium-term measures to prevent crises in the future and improve Europe's ability to effectively manage its economy. The article concludes that, given the major question marks as to whether, with the current institutional structures, Europe actually will manage to put in place the required coordinated response, a 1929-scenario, while far from inevitable, remains a possibility